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| Itt írjon a(z) LungImmunity-ról/ről | '''__ The Changes of Lung Immunity under some Pathological Effects__''' '''''__Introduction__''''' In this student essay we explore the changes the lung goes through as one of the most crucial organs in our body in relation to the pathological effects it endures. We will begin by discussing the major defensive function of the alveolar macrophages as they are located on of the major boundary between the body and the outside world. We will then enquire into the immunological role of the two most significant Lung Surfactant Proteinsand discuss the important role Natural Killer Cells have in the adaptive immune response including their role in asthma. In the light of the Ageing Lung we will inquisite the effects it has on the lungs immunity and the heightened risk of infectious diseases. Subsequently we will conclude with an insight into common pulmonary diseases. '''''__Alveolar Macrophages__''''' As we learned in our physiology lectures on immunology, macrophages are derived from monocytes. They have granules filled with digestive enzymes. Alveolar macrophages have an important role in the lung as they fight against bacteria and ingest damaged cells by phagocytosis. They also have a role in adaptive immunity as they present antigens to T-cells. Alveolar macrophages are the first line in defence against microbes and have an important role in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. As a lung ages, the initial response of macrophages to microbes and other inflammatory stimuli is reduced due to inflamm-ageing(Hinojosa, Boyd and Orihuela, 2009)(Metcalf et al., 2015). Their ability to detect pathogens is also hindered due to changes in TLR signalling pathways and elevated negative feedback due to chronic-inflammation. Efferocytosis is the process in which apoptotic and necrotic cells are removed by phagocyte cells. This process is carried out by macrophages which promote resolution of inflammation. Monocytes and macrophages from aged mice also show reduced phagocytic capacity which decreases their ability to remove microbes from the host in the inflammatory response to infection.(Hinojosa et al., 2014)(Linehan et al., 2014). |
The Changes of Lung Immunity under some Pathological Effects
Introduction
In this student essay we explore the changes the lung goes through as one of the most crucial organs in our body in relation to the pathological effects it endures. We will begin by discussing the major defensive function of the alveolar macrophages as they are located on of the major boundary between the body and the outside world. We will then enquire into the immunological role of the two most significant Lung Surfactant Proteinsand discuss the important role Natural Killer Cells have in the adaptive immune response including their role in asthma. In the light of the Ageing Lung we will inquisite the effects it has on the lungs immunity and the heightened risk of infectious diseases. Subsequently we will conclude with an insight into common pulmonary diseases.
Alveolar Macrophages
As we learned in our physiology lectures on immunology, macrophages are derived from monocytes. They have granules filled with digestive enzymes. Alveolar macrophages have an important role in the lung as they fight against bacteria and ingest damaged cells by phagocytosis. They also have a role in adaptive immunity as they present antigens to T-cells. Alveolar macrophages are the first line in defence against microbes and have an important role in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. As a lung ages, the initial response of macrophages to microbes and other inflammatory stimuli is reduced due to inflamm-ageing(Hinojosa, Boyd and Orihuela, 2009)(Metcalf et al., 2015). Their ability to detect pathogens is also hindered due to changes in TLR signalling pathways and elevated negative feedback due to chronic-inflammation.
Efferocytosis is the process in which apoptotic and necrotic cells are removed by phagocyte cells. This process is carried out by macrophages which promote resolution of inflammation. Monocytes and macrophages from aged mice also show reduced phagocytic capacity which decreases their ability to remove microbes from the host in the inflammatory response to infection.(Hinojosa et al., 2014)(Linehan et al., 2014).