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Effect of iodine deficiency on fetal development during pregnancy

Iodine is an essential part of life. This micronutrient is required for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and contributes to normal growth and development. The body itself cannot produce iodine, and we are therefore at risk of experiencing deficiency if our diet doesn't reach the requirements. Pregnant and lactating women are particularly vulnerable, due to increased iodine demand. (Toloza et al, 2020)

According to research, it is estimated that two billion suffer from iodine deficiency. (Andersson et al, 2005) The most visible symptom of the insufficiency is the goiter, an increased size of the thyroid gland. Still, the most common problem is the impaired neurodevelopment, especially in early life. (Zimmerman, 2011)

When a female is carrying a child the demand for iodine will significantly increase. The reason for this is the amplified production of maternal thyroid and the loss of iodine in the urine. The fetus itself also requires iodine which is another reason why pregnant women must consume more iodine. A maternal iodine deficiency can be classified depending on the severity. It can range from mild defects in motor development, to severe cases resulting in cretinism. (Lee and Pearce, 2015)

The recommended amount for iodine intake during the different life stages can be seen in Table1: