|
⇤ ← Revision 1 as of 2020-04-10 10:47:30
Size: 84
Comment:
|
Size: 3161
Comment:
|
| Deletions are marked like this. | Additions are marked like this. |
| Line 3: | Line 3: |
= Abnormalities in mitochondrial structure, causes and effects = '''Contents''' <<TableOfContents(2)>> == Introduction == In this essay we will examine firstly the role and structure of the mitochondrion, and the relevant processes it is responsible for. A key aspect will be the study of the genetic makeup and how the mitochondria is encoded with both nuclear DNA and also mitochondrial DNA, and the importance of maternal inheritance in regards to mtDNA. Knowledge of the genetic background is important if you are to then look at the various disorders and diseases associated with abnormalities in the mitochondria. There is no surprise that the majority of mitochondrial diseases affect tissues and organs which have the highest energy demands such as the heart, brain and muscles since the mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP Using various scientific papers and articles we will gather information on some of the most common and complicating diseases that arise from disorders in the mitochondria, and what are the causes - Complex deficiencies, Point mutations or mtDNA deletions are areas of major significance, especially when these are inherited by offspring. Diseases and disorders examined include MELAS syndrome, Kearns Sayre syndrome, Alzheimers, and Parkinson’s disease. Secondary disorders and conditions arise from such syndromes and diseases, such as diabetes, exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis and multiple organ failure == The Mitochondrion == The mitochondrion is a double membraned structure found in most eukaryotic cells. The mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. hence the name ‘powerhouse of the cell’ (Siekevitz, 1957). === Structure of the Mitochondrion === The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. Because of their double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. These 5 main compartments or regions are: the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. These structures can be seen in figure 1. === Role and processes of mitochondria === The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. Genes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex gene group provide instructions for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, also called the respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation is an important cellular process that uses oxygen and simple sugars – Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy source. Five protein complexes, made up of several proteins each, are involved in this process(Alston et al., 2017). The complexes are named complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase), complex III (Ubiquinol–cytochrome c oxidoreductase), complex IV (cytochrome C oxidase), and complex V. (ATP synthase) == Genetics of Mitochondrial disease == |
Itt írjon a(z) Abnormal_mito-ról/ről
Abnormalities in mitochondrial structure, causes and effects
Contents
Contents
Introduction
In this essay we will examine firstly the role and structure of the mitochondrion, and the relevant processes it is responsible for. A key aspect will be the study of the genetic makeup and how the mitochondria is encoded with both nuclear DNA and also mitochondrial DNA, and the importance of maternal inheritance in regards to mtDNA. Knowledge of the genetic background is important if you are to then look at the various disorders and diseases associated with abnormalities in the mitochondria. There is no surprise that the majority of mitochondrial diseases affect tissues and organs which have the highest energy demands such as the heart, brain and muscles since the mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP Using various scientific papers and articles we will gather information on some of the most common and complicating diseases that arise from disorders in the mitochondria, and what are the causes - Complex deficiencies, Point mutations or mtDNA deletions are areas of major significance, especially when these are inherited by offspring. Diseases and disorders examined include MELAS syndrome, Kearns Sayre syndrome, Alzheimers, and Parkinson’s disease. Secondary disorders and conditions arise from such syndromes and diseases, such as diabetes, exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis and multiple organ failure
The Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion is a double membraned structure found in most eukaryotic cells. The mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. hence the name ‘powerhouse of the cell’ (Siekevitz, 1957).
Structure of the Mitochondrion
The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. Because of their double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. These 5 main compartments or regions are: the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. These structures can be seen in figure 1.
Role and processes of mitochondria
The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. Genes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex gene group provide instructions for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, also called the respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation is an important cellular process that uses oxygen and simple sugars – Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy source. Five protein complexes, made up of several proteins each, are involved in this process(Alston et al., 2017). The complexes are named complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase), complex III (Ubiquinol–cytochrome c oxidoreductase), complex IV (cytochrome C oxidase), and complex V. (ATP synthase)