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| Canine Pseudopregnancy (PSPG), also known as pseudocyesis, nervous lactation, copycat pregnancy or phantom pregnancy, is a normal self-limiting physiological syndrome that occurs in female dogs in their late diestrual phase. Signs of pregnancy will be shown in the postpartum period, however, in reality, the bitch is not pregnant (Feldman and Nelson 1996; Gobello et al, 2001b). Behavioural and physical changes occur. These may be covert i.e. without any clinical signs, or overt i.e. with clinical signs and are seen between 6-8 weeks after estrus (Gobello et al. 2002). Although its exact prevalence is not known, it has been estimated that its incidence rate is as high as 50-75% in certain breeds, using a broad definition of the condition (Johnston, 1980). Voith (1980) and Jochle (1987) shared the opinion through their work that PSPG evolved through families because of the need for non-mated wolves to lactate and feed other female wolves’ litters. This is called alloparental care in mammal species that live in groups, where submissive individuals care for the dominants’ offspring without reproducing themselves (Paul et al., 2014). The purpose of this essay is to present the most relevant aspects of the physiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of clinical pseudopregnancy while also highlighting information regarding this syndrome in humans and goats. === a) Pseudopregnancy in Goats === === b) Pseudopregnancy in Humans === ---- |
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| A good understanding of the canine estrous cycle and endocrinology is needed to fully grasp the concept of PSPG and the hormonal changes that cause it. The bitch is said to be monoestrous and has the onset of the first estrus between 6-10 months of age and goes through estrus every 6 months thereafter (Concannon, 2011; Gobello et al., 2001b). The anestrus phase is marked by ovarian inactivity, endometrial repair and uterine involution and lasts about 6 months. Its termination is marked by the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The release of LH results in proestrus folliculogenesis (Blendinger, 2007). This phase is then followed by proestrus, a phase averaging about 9 days where the vulva becomes enlarged and serosanguineous discharge can be seen. A prominent hormonal change of this phase is the LH peak which causes estrogen to decrease and subsequently increases progesterone steadily (Concannon et al., 1977). These changes result in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and therefore estrus is reached. Estrus lasts about 9 days on average and is the part of the cycle where primary oocytes ovulate after 2 days of LH peak and then matures 2-3 days later, secondary oocytes lasts 2-3 days (Concannon et al. 1977). Lastly, diestrus is reached. Characterised by diminishing attraction of male dogs and resolving of vulvar oedema discharge, dioestrus is the stage of refraction from breeding and our point of interest regarding PSPG as this is where it occurs as an exaggerated response (Blendinger, 2007). It is also important to point out that the canine is unique in that, the state of pregnancy or non-pregnancy has no difference in the duration of reproductive cycle stages, development of the mammary gland and values of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations (Romagnoli, 2009). In addition, Stefano Romagnoli (2009) also pointed out that there will be considerable differences in hormonal values as seen in the data in Figure 1. ||'''Stage'''||'''Duration'''||'''Progesterone'''||'''Estrogen'''||'''Notes'''|| ||Anestrus ||1-6 months ||Basal level (<1ng/mL) ||Basal level (2-10 pg/mL)||Ovarian inactivity with no overt vulvar discharge|| ||Proestrus ||3 days - 3 weeks (9 days average) ||Initially basal; 2-3 ng/mL at LH surge; 4-10 ng/mL at day of ovulation||Rising to peak levels (50-100 pg/mL) ||Vulvar discharge present and vulva mildly enlarged and vulval oedema at maximal. Progesterone is seen in circulation.|| ||Estrus ||5-15 days ||Progesterone level rises in circulation ||Abrupt decrease at the day of LH peak to 10-20 pg/mL, then Basal level (2-10pg/mL) during the following few days||Primary oocytes ovulate 2 days after the LH peak, oocyte maturation is seen 2-3 days later, lifespan of secondary oocytes is 2-3 days || ||Diestrus || 2-3 months || Peaks at 15-80 ng/ml then declines in late diestrual phase || Basal (2-10 ng/mL)|| Resolved vulvar discharge and oedema. Prolactin levels increase in a reciprocal fashion to progesterone which results in enlarged mammary glands. || '''Figure 1''': Aspects of the estrous cycle in the bitch.Adapted from Blendinger (2007); Concannon (1986); Root Kustritz (2012). |
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| === Physiology of Progesterone === === Physiology of Prolactin === === Pseudopregnancy in Goats and its Causes === === Pseudopregnancy in Humans and its Causes === |
Although not everything is known about what causes PSPG, It has been suggested that sensitivity of the endometrium and mammary glands to progesterone (P4), the increase in prolactin due to progesterone’s abrupt decrease and other hormones are the culprits behind pseudocyesis occurring in the late luteal phase of diestrous (Grunau et al. 1996). Since PSPG is normally seen around 6-12 weeks after heat, at the expected whelping time, and the anti-prolactin agents were successful in the treatment of this syndrome, it is clear why these theories bear weight (Jochle et al. 1989). What is known for sure, is that all the hormonal changes in the estrous cycle are normal and required in order to prepare for pregnancy, and because they are in circulation for a few weeks even if unfertilised these changes deceive the body into thinking it is pregnant. In addition, the non-pregnant dog has a corpus luteum lifespan that exceeds that in pregnant dogs (Gobello et al., 2001b). Moreover, factors including nutrition, breed type, age and number of prior pregnancies also play a role (Johnston, 1980; Gobello et al, 2002). === a) Physiology of Progesterone === === b) Physiology of Prolactin === === c) Causes of Pseudopregnancy in Goats === === d) Causes of Pseudopregnancy in Humans === |
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| === a) Clinical Signs of Pseudopregnancy in Goats === === b) Clinical Signs of Pseudopregnancy in Humans === |
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| === a) Diagnosis in Goats === === b) Diagnosis in Humans === |
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| === a) Treatment Strategies in Goats === === b) Treatment Strategies in Humans === |
Itt írjon a(z) Pseudopregnancy-ról/ről
Canine Pseudopregnancy
Contents
Introduction
Canine Pseudopregnancy (PSPG), also known as pseudocyesis, nervous lactation, copycat pregnancy or phantom pregnancy, is a normal self-limiting physiological syndrome that occurs in female dogs in their late diestrual phase. Signs of pregnancy will be shown in the postpartum period, however, in reality, the bitch is not pregnant (Feldman and Nelson 1996; Gobello et al, 2001b). Behavioural and physical changes occur. These may be covert i.e. without any clinical signs, or overt i.e. with clinical signs and are seen between 6-8 weeks after estrus (Gobello et al. 2002).
Although its exact prevalence is not known, it has been estimated that its incidence rate is as high as 50-75% in certain breeds, using a broad definition of the condition (Johnston, 1980). Voith (1980) and Jochle (1987) shared the opinion through their work that PSPG evolved through families because of the need for non-mated wolves to lactate and feed other female wolves’ litters. This is called alloparental care in mammal species that live in groups, where submissive individuals care for the dominants’ offspring without reproducing themselves (Paul et al., 2014).
The purpose of this essay is to present the most relevant aspects of the physiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of clinical pseudopregnancy while also highlighting information regarding this syndrome in humans and goats.
a) Pseudopregnancy in Goats
b) Pseudopregnancy in Humans
The Canine Estrous Cycle
A good understanding of the canine estrous cycle and endocrinology is needed to fully grasp the concept of PSPG and the hormonal changes that cause it. The bitch is said to be monoestrous and has the onset of the first estrus between 6-10 months of age and goes through estrus every 6 months thereafter (Concannon, 2011; Gobello et al., 2001b).
The anestrus phase is marked by ovarian inactivity, endometrial repair and uterine involution and lasts about 6 months. Its termination is marked by the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The release of LH results in proestrus folliculogenesis (Blendinger, 2007).
This phase is then followed by proestrus, a phase averaging about 9 days where the vulva becomes enlarged and serosanguineous discharge can be seen. A prominent hormonal change of this phase is the LH peak which causes estrogen to decrease and subsequently increases progesterone steadily (Concannon et al., 1977). These changes result in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and therefore estrus is reached.
Estrus lasts about 9 days on average and is the part of the cycle where primary oocytes ovulate after 2 days of LH peak and then matures 2-3 days later, secondary oocytes lasts 2-3 days (Concannon et al. 1977). Lastly, diestrus is reached. Characterised by diminishing attraction of male dogs and resolving of vulvar oedema discharge, dioestrus is the stage of refraction from breeding and our point of interest regarding PSPG as this is where it occurs as an exaggerated response (Blendinger, 2007).
It is also important to point out that the canine is unique in that, the state of pregnancy or non-pregnancy has no difference in the duration of reproductive cycle stages, development of the mammary gland and values of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations (Romagnoli, 2009). In addition, Stefano Romagnoli (2009) also pointed out that there will be considerable differences in hormonal values as seen in the data in Figure 1.
Stage |
Duration |
Progesterone |
Estrogen |
Notes |
Anestrus |
1-6 months |
Basal level (<1ng/mL) |
Basal level (2-10 pg/mL) |
Ovarian inactivity with no overt vulvar discharge |
Proestrus |
3 days - 3 weeks (9 days average) |
Initially basal; 2-3 ng/mL at LH surge; 4-10 ng/mL at day of ovulation |
Rising to peak levels (50-100 pg/mL) |
Vulvar discharge present and vulva mildly enlarged and vulval oedema at maximal. Progesterone is seen in circulation. |
Estrus |
5-15 days |
Progesterone level rises in circulation |
Abrupt decrease at the day of LH peak to 10-20 pg/mL, then Basal level (2-10pg/mL) during the following few days |
Primary oocytes ovulate 2 days after the LH peak, oocyte maturation is seen 2-3 days later, lifespan of secondary oocytes is 2-3 days |
Diestrus |
2-3 months |
Peaks at 15-80 ng/ml then declines in late diestrual phase |
Basal (2-10 ng/mL) |
Resolved vulvar discharge and oedema. Prolactin levels increase in a reciprocal fashion to progesterone which results in enlarged mammary glands. |
Figure 1: Aspects of the estrous cycle in the bitch.Adapted from Blendinger (2007); Concannon (1986); Root Kustritz (2012).
Causes
Although not everything is known about what causes PSPG, It has been suggested that sensitivity of the endometrium and mammary glands to progesterone (P4), the increase in prolactin due to progesterone’s abrupt decrease and other hormones are the culprits behind pseudocyesis occurring in the late luteal phase of diestrous (Grunau et al. 1996).
Since PSPG is normally seen around 6-12 weeks after heat, at the expected whelping time, and the anti-prolactin agents were successful in the treatment of this syndrome, it is clear why these theories bear weight (Jochle et al. 1989).
What is known for sure, is that all the hormonal changes in the estrous cycle are normal and required in order to prepare for pregnancy, and because they are in circulation for a few weeks even if unfertilised these changes deceive the body into thinking it is pregnant. In addition, the non-pregnant dog has a corpus luteum lifespan that exceeds that in pregnant dogs (Gobello et al., 2001b). Moreover, factors including nutrition, breed type, age and number of prior pregnancies also play a role (Johnston, 1980; Gobello et al, 2002).
a) Physiology of Progesterone
b) Physiology of Prolactin
c) Causes of Pseudopregnancy in Goats
d) Causes of Pseudopregnancy in Humans
Clinical Signs
a) Clinical Signs of Pseudopregnancy in Goats
b) Clinical Signs of Pseudopregnancy in Humans
Diagnosis
a) Diagnosis in Goats
b) Diagnosis in Humans
Treatment Strategies
a) Treatment Strategies in Goats
b) Treatment Strategies in Humans
Preventive Methods
References